# Brain Modulation Lab

> The Brain Modulation Lab is a neurosurgery research group at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, led by Mark Richardson, MD, PhD. The lab studies deep brain stimulation, responsive neurostimulation for epilepsy, and intracranial recordings during awake neurosurgery.

Founded at the University of Pittsburgh in 2011 and re-established at Massachusetts General Hospital in 2019. Co-directed by Alan Bush, PhD, and Pranav Nanda, MD. Collaborates with MIT, Harvard Medical School, Boston University, VCU, Mass Eye and Ear, and Mount Sinai.

## Research Areas
- [Basal Ganglia and Speech Production](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/bgtcspeech): Basal ganglia and thalamic contributions to human speech production, using simultaneous cortical and subcortical recordings during awake deep brain stimulation surgery.
- [Epilepsy Surgery](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/epilepsy-surgery): Resective and neuromodulatory surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy.
- [Responsive Neurostimulation Mechanisms in Epilepsy](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/rns-neurophys): Neurophysiological mechanisms and biomarkers of RNS therapeutic response.
- [Deep Brain Stimulation for OCD](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/deep-brain-stimulation-for-ocd): DBS for obsessive compulsive disorder, including optimal stimulation sites.
- [Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/dbs-movement-disorders): DBS for Parkinson's disease and essential tremor.
- [Cognitive Neuroscience Collaborations](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/cognitive-neuroscience-collaborations): Intracranial recording studies of human cortical function conducted with cognitive neuroscience collaborators.
- [Gene and Cell Therapy](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/gene-and-cell-therapy): Neurosurgical delivery of gene and cell therapies for central nervous system disease, including AADC gene therapy trials for Parkinson's disease.

## People
- [Mark Richardson, MD, PhD](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/mark-richardson): Founder and director. Neurosurgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
- [Alan Bush, PhD](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/alan-bush): Co-director. Mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation and computational modeling.
- [Pranav Nanda, MD](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/pranav-nanda): Co-director. Functional neurosurgeon, neurosurgical gene and cell therapy delivery.
- [Full team roster](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/people)

## Patients
- [For Patients](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/patients): Patient education on epilepsy surgery, DBS for movement disorders, and treatment for OCD and other psychiatric disorders.
- [RNS for Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/rns-for-ige-patients): Patient information on responsive neurostimulation targeting the centromedian nucleus for IGE.

## News
- [Progress](https://www.brainmodulationlab.org/progress): Lab news, publications, awards, and milestones.